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Prophet of Innovation – Joseph Schumpeter and Creative Destruction Broché – 27 novembre 2009
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Pan Am, Gimbel's, Pullman, Douglas Aircraft, Digital Equipment Corporation, British Leyland--all once as strong as dinosaurs, all now just as extinct. Destruction of businesses, fortunes, products, and careers is the price of progress toward a better material life. No one understood this bedrock economic principle better than Joseph A. Schumpeter. "Creative destruction," he said, is the driving force of capitalism.
Described by John Kenneth Galbraith as "the most sophisticated conservative" of the twentieth century, Schumpeter made his mark as the prophet of incessant change. His vision was stark: Nearly all businesses fail, victims of innovation by their competitors. Businesspeople ignore this lesson at their peril--to survive, they must be entrepreneurial and think strategically. Yet in Schumpeter's view, the general prosperity produced by the "capitalist engine" far outweighs the wreckage it leaves behind.
During a tumultuous life spanning two world wars, the Great Depression, and the early Cold War, Schumpeter reinvented himself many times. From boy wonder in turn-of-the-century Vienna to captivating Harvard professor, he was stalked by tragedy and haunted by the specter of his rival, John Maynard Keynes. By 1983--the centennial of the birth of both men--Forbes christened Schumpeter, not Keynes, the best navigator through the turbulent seas of globalization. Time has proved that assessment accurate.
Prophet of Innovation is also the private story of a man rescued repeatedly by women who loved him and put his well-being above their own. Without them, he would likely have perished, so fierce were the conflicts between his reason and his emotions. Drawing on all of Schumpeter's writings, including many intimate diaries and letters never before used, this biography paints the full portrait of a magnetic figure who aspired to become the world's greatest economist, lover, and horseman--and admitted to failure only with the horses.
- Nombre de pages de l'édition imprimée736 pages
- LangueAnglais
- ÉditeurHarvard University Press
- Date de publication27 novembre 2009
- Dimensions15.88 x 3.18 x 23.5 cm
- ISBN-100674034813
- ISBN-13978-0674034815
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- Éditeur : Harvard University Press (27 novembre 2009)
- Langue : Anglais
- Broché : 736 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0674034813
- ISBN-13 : 978-0674034815
- Poids de l'article : 948 g
- Dimensions : 15.88 x 3.18 x 23.5 cm
- Classement des meilleures ventes d'Amazon : 2,299 en Histoire économique (Livres)
- 34,561 en Management (Livres)
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Schumpeter n'est pas un doctrinaire, mais a développé une approche scientifique qui se nourrit à l'ensemble des disciplines des sciences sociales, à commencer par l'histoire et la sociologie. Bien que mathématicien, il n'a jamais écrit une équation à l'appui de ses analyses, contrairement à la déferlante de l'économie néoclassique qui va dominer la pensée économique à partir des années 1970.
Il a donné une analyse pertinente du capitalisme fondé sur le rôle de l'entrepreneur et les cycles d'affaires liés à l'évolution de la technologie. Son oeuvre nous permet de comprendre comment les nations croissent et déclinent. Il a souligné le rôle essentiel de l'Etat pour définir le cadre institutionnel approprié au développement, pour comprendre comment créer de la richesse à partir des bonnes activités.
Schumpeter est la négation des théories de Ricardo qui ont ont malheureusement gagné la suprématie et font notre malheur en soutenant que toutes les activités se valent et que tenir une chambre d'hôte équivaut à un emploi industriel.
Schumpeter n'a jamais préconisé aucune politique économique (à la différence de Keynes), mais - l'auteur le fait remarquer à juste titre - les pays qui sont aujourd'hui en croissance obéissent aux principes de Schumpeter: l'Asie, rejointe par le Brésil aujourd'hui, des pays comme la Tunisie ou la Suisse, alors que l'Union européenne, engluée dans le mtyhe libre échangiste et libéral se désindustrialise et se paupérise.
Un gros, livre, long à lire, très détaillé et très bien référencé.
Je conseille de le lire en parallèle avec la biograpphie de Keynes par Gilles Dostaler Keynes et ses combats . Ces deux hommes s'ignoraient alors que leur pensée est complémentaire: Keynes s'intéressait au temps court et négligeait le temps long et les cycles qui sont à la base du travail de Schumpeter. Il est bien sûr aujourd'hui impératif de réconcilier ces deux approches.
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It is curious that Schumpeter is now seen as having been ahead of his time. In many respects, for most of his life he was a survivor of a time and place that no longer existed. His birthplace in Triesch provided the inspiration for Kafka's Castle, the Vienna of his youth brings up images of a defunct civilization, and his first academic positing in Czernowitz resounds like the name of a phantom in European memory. Joseph Schumpeter was a gentleman from old Central Europe who spoke at least six languages including Greek and Latin and who never drove a car. He wore expensive tailored clothes and confessed that it took him an hour to dress. He had his way with women, but then remarked, in a most undelicate fashion, that he aspired to be the greatest economist, lover, and horseman in the world -- but that he was having trouble with the horses.
In academic terms as well, Schumpeter was definitively old school. Rather than concentrate on economic theory alone, he also immersed himself in history, law, literature, business, sociology, psychology, mathematics, and political science. He ran counter to one of the strongest intellectual trends of his time, and of ours as well - the trend toward narrow specialization. He believed that to study capitalism or any other economic subject properly, one must gain insights from history, sociology, and other fields, so as to understand the political institutions, the social forces and the intellectual ideas that affect economic phenomena. In avoiding narrow specialization, Schumpeter was following a long European tradition aimed at constructing grand social theory, as exemplified by thinkers such as Hegel, Comte, Nietzsche, Marx, Freud and Weber, all of whom sought, in their own ways, to conceptualize the human condition as a unitary whole. The result is his immensely popular essay on Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, or his three-volume monument to the History of Economic Analysis.
Schumpeter understood that specialization is essential to academic progress. He also believed in the necessity of mathematics in economics. He co-founded the Econometric Society and wrote the opening statement in its journal Econometrica. Yet all his life he struggled with equations, and was far more at ease with the Greek tragedies in their original language than with the Greek letters of algebra. He never took offense when the young Samuelson would correct some math errors he was making in class. As he confessed, "I sometimes feel like Moses must have felt when he beheld the Promised Land and knew that he himself would not be able to enter it."
Although Schumpeter joined Harvard's faculty in 1932, he never fit it the American academic landscape. His idea of a PhD was to tour Europe's centres of knowledge, establishing personal contacts with many of the founders of modern economic analysis, then to try to achieve the grand synthesis between the German Historical School, the Austrian School and the British pionneers of marginalism. He astonished his elders with books he wrote in his twenties, yet he also found the time to practice law in Egypt, to build and lose a fortune in the banking sector and to hold the post of secretary of state for finance in the new Austrian Republic in 1919. He was a charming colleague, a gifted lecturer and an exacting pedagogue, but he lived his academic life in isolation. He wrote his hefty tomes almost alone and never exposed his work-in-progress to his peers. Nor did he recruit students to help him, or suggest topics arising from his own research for class papers and dissertations.
Thomas McCraw's Prophet of Innovation is not the perfect biography: the tone is overly hagiographic, some parts are repetitive, and intimate details often overshadow intellectual achievements. But Schumpeter's character was larger than life, and the biographer has explored every facets of his personnality, drawing from his diaries and correspondence as well as his published works. The story he tells is one of restless adventure, almost unbelievably hard work, and ultimate triumph in the face of persistently bad luck. The world that Schumpeter bore witness to has long disappeared, but his ideas endure.
I am not an economist, but I was first exposed to the ideas of Schumpeter in my one year general ed Economics course. This course was taught by one of only two conservative instructors in my whole college education and he was influenced by Schumpeter. (I did take economics in high school which was taught from the Keynesian model.)
That was in 1968, the year the New Deal-Cold War Liberal Democratic Party coalition was itself undergoing creative destruction. Of course, that year, the Vietnam War and the protests were the central focus. But, the Schumpeter seed had been planted in my mind and I began to see the relationships.
My Father, foolishly, as he admitted to me much later, had gotten his old job back after he left the army post World War II. He was entitled to it under the Selective Service Act of 1940. He thought he would be secure as rural passenger train depot agent. But, the railroad passenger service was about to get a creative destruction death blow. In 1954, the Boeing 707 made its maiden flight. In 1958, the Boeing 707 made its first flight for Pan Am. In 1959, he was out of a job. He was a member in good standing of the Order of Railroad Telegraphers, AFL-CIO, but that didn't matter. If you had no customers, then no business, no jobs, and no union. When the business traveler ditched the trains for the planes, that was the end of the railroad passenger service along with 110 jobs per train. (He floundered around for awhile and took a few community college classes and got a better job afterwards.)
Later, I encountered Schumpeter again in political sociology, one of my areas of study in graduate school. As the author notes, Schumpeter attacks Marx on the static nature of his theories of class structure.
For me, McCraw makes two very impressive points about Schumpeter the teacher and scholar. As Teacher, McCraw quotes his student, Paul Sweezy writing that Schumpeter never judged students and colleagues on their agreement with his views. Sweezy called it "the rarest of all qualities in a teacher." I would say its even rarer today.
As a scholar, he mostly stayed out of policy advocacy. He did not seek to found a Schumpeterian school. Many of his best students were Keynesians. It takes a great deal of courage, character, and humility to forego such ego feeding ventures. Perhaps his experience as Finance Minister in the rump Austrian socialist government post World War I cured him.
On a more somber note, it is really staggering the amount of personal tragedy this man suffered in his life. He lost his father at age four. World War I destroyed his country. He lost his mother, wife, and son all within one month. He lost one of his best graduate students at the University of Bonn, Clare Tisch, to the holocaust. He also lost his companion, driver, and caretaker, Mia Stockel to the holocaust along with her husband and sister. His third wife Elizabeth, who had rescued him from deep depression, got breast cancer in the last year of his life.
McCraw does a fine job of weaving Schumpeter's life and writings together into a great biography of Joseph Schumpeter and history of the first half of the Twentieth Century
M demonstrates that the foundation of Schumpeter's analysis of a dynamic,non stationary world of innovation and change,leading to " creative destruction" and the " regular irregularity " of investment spending on capital goods ,which was the source of the unstable boom-bust business cycle,was a clear understanding of the extreme importance of differentiating between risk and uncertainty.The great tragedy here is that this emphasis on the great importance of decision making under uncertainty,as opposed to risk ,which is only of tertiary importance,particularly as it relates to spending on durable,fixed,long lived capital goods, was also the foundation of Keynes's General Theory.Recognition of this point by an economist is required for admission into this reviewer's pantheon of great economic thinkers.Only the Scholastic-Thomist philosophers,Adam Smith, T Veblen, F Knight, J Schumpeter,J M Keynes, B Mandelbrot,and N N Taleb have recognized this fundamental point.G L S Shackle and F von Hayek receive honorable mention.
It is here that McCraw fumbles away the football as he was heading into the endzone for a game winning score.M could have spent some time considering why it was that Keynes did not cite either Knight's or Schumpeter's work on uncertainty.It is certainly the biggest intellectual blunder of Keynes's career.There has been no work done on this question by any economist or philosopher in the 20TH century.
Unfortunately,Keynes's blunder was returned by Schumpeter.Schumpeter's 1936 review of the GT for the Journal of the American Statistical Association(JASA) came to the truly bizarre conclusion that the major thrust of the GT was Keynes's supposed advocacy of a policy of government deficit finance.Nowhere in the GT does Keynes advocate a policy of deficit finance.Keynes was a life long OPPONENT of deficit finance.This is obvious to anyone who has read pp.210-425 of Volume 27 of the Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes.On these pages one finds Keynes locked in intellectual combat with James Meade,a later Nobel Memorial Prize winner and advocate of deficit finance.Keynes returned to the wisdom of A Smith,whose work on money,banking ,interest rates,usury ,and speculation represented an updating of the work of the great Scholastic philosophers.Keynes's policy recommendation was to fix the long run rate of interert at a low level permanently over the long run.This would be combined with a policy of credit restriction that would prevent speculators and rentiers from getting their hands on bank loans(Keynes,GT,1936,pp.321-327,338-353,and 374-377.)How Schumpeter came to his conclusion about Keynes's alleged support for deficit finance is a mystery that has also not been addressed by a intellectually confused economics profession that has also concluded,contrary to all the facts,that Keynes was a suporter of deficit finance.
Overall,this book is worth buying and reading.It demonstrates that the life of an economist does not have to be constrained to pretending to be scientific by manipulating variants of the normal probability distribution and publishing precisely wrong answers in economic journal articles that look scientific but are equivalent to the manipulation of epicycles by Ptolemaic astronomers.
It wasn't until years later that my brother, then an economics instructor at West Point, introduced me to him. Schumpeter is a perfect subject for military intellectuals, whose starting line of inquiry is always the world as it is, as opposed to standard academics who always begin with the world as they would like it to be.
And Schumpeter introduces you to the world as it is. With his combined diciplines of history, sociology and economics, Joseph Schumpeter would have been amused at the idea of creating the perfect economy merely by setting the perfect tax rate. This book combines a solid history of Schumpeter's life with an appreciation of Schumpeter's ideas on innovation and capitalism. It is probably not surprising that this, destined to be one of the classic biographies of an academic for many years to come, was written by a business school professor, another field where flights of academic fancy are tethered firmly to the real world.
The author is helped, of course, by his subject. Schumpeter had an extraordinary and adventurous life, developed ideas far in advance of his contemporaries and suffered triumphs and tragedies in equal measure. This is that rare biography of an intellectual which is also something of a page turner.
Many economists are suggesting that the 21st Century will be the Century of Schumpeter. We'll see, but I can guaranty that no economics department worthy of its name will allow its graduates to learn about Joseph Schumpeter from an army officer.